The Parisian club has now claimed the prestigious trophy on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight Trophee des Champions title.
The European champions appeared to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup winners after the French winger found the net early on.
However, Marseille struck twice late to seize a shock advantage. Initially, the English forward converted from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable twist of events, the Portuguese striker grabbed a crucial leveler in the dying seconds to send the match into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping crucial attempts from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty victory.
The record champions PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this competition for the 12th time in the last thirteen years.